SCHOOL COLLEGE PROJECTS-SEMINARS...

Greenhouse effect – atmospheric heating caused by certain gases in Earth’s
atmosphere that are transparent to sunlight but absorb and reflect heat that comes from
Earth’s surface.
------------------------------------------------click on image to enlarge it--------------------------

get more details here:--------READ MORE

Teach...build...learn...renewable energy!

What Is Biogas?

Biogas is actually a mixture of gases, usually carbon dioxide and methane. It is produced by a few kinds of microorganisms, usually when air or oxygen is absent. (The absence of oxygen is called “anaerobic conditions.”) Animals that eat a lot of plant material, particularly grazing animals such as cattle, produce large amounts of biogas. The biogas is produced not by the cow or elephant, but by billions of microorganisms living in its digestive system. Biogas also develops in bogs and at the bottom of lakes, where decaying organic matter builds up under wet and anaerobic conditions.

READ MORE

In Todays world we can save on our electricity bills by switching to alternative sources of power.

Circuit of solar panel based charger





Slolar panel described here is capable of delivering a power of 5 watts. At full sunlight, the solar panel outputs 16.5V. It can deliver a current of 300-350 mA. Using it you can charge three
types of batteries: lead acid, Ni-Cd and Li-ion. The lead-acid batteries are commonly used in emergency lamps and UPS.

The working of the circuit is simple. The output of the solar panel is fed via diode 1N5402 (D1), which acts as a polarity guard and protects the solar panel. An ammeter is connected in series between diode D1 and fuse to measure the current flowing during charging of the batteries. As shown in Fig

we have used an analogue multimeter in 500mA range. Diode D2 is used for protection against
reverse polarity in case of wrong connection of the lead-acid battery. When you connect wrong polarity, the fuse will blow up.

For charging a lead-acid battery, shift switch S1 to ‘on’ position and use connector ‘A.’ After
you connect the battery, charging starts from the solar panel via diode D1, multimeter and fuse. Note that pulsating DC is the best for charging lead-acid batteries. If you use this circuit for charging a lead-acid battery, replace it with a normal pulsating DC charger once a week. Keep checking the water level of the lead-acid battery. Pure DC voltage normally leads to deposition
of sulphur on the plates of lead-acid batteries.

For charging Ni-Cd cells, shift switches S1 and S3 to ‘on’ position and use connector ‘B.’ Regulator IC 7806 (IC1) is wired as a constant-current source and its output is taken from the middle terminal (normally grounded). Using this circuit, a constant current goes to Ni-Cd cell for charging. A total of four 1.2V cells are used here. Resistor R2 limits the charging current.


For charging Li-ion battery (used in mobile phones), shift switches S1 and S2 to ‘on’ position and use connector ‘C.’ Regulator IC 7805 (IC2) provides 5V for charging the Li-ion battery. Using this circuit, you can charge a 3.6V Li-ion cell very easily. Resistor R3 limits the charging current.

This type of battery is different from a conventional car battery, as it is designed to be more tolerant of the kind of ongoing charging and discharging you would expect when you have variable sunshine from one day to the next.

The CIRCULATORY system connects all other systems. This
system performs four (4) principal functions:

• Transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide
• Distribution of nutrients and transportation of wastes
• Maintenance of body temperature
• Circulation of hormones

• FLUID (blood) in which materials are transported
• System of BLOOD VESSELS in which the fluid moves in
• PUMP – (heart) that pushes fluid throughout system

• ATRIA: top two chambers, thin walls, RECEIVE blood
• VENTRICLES: bottom two chambers, thick walls, PUMP blood

• to ensure blood flows in ONE DIRECTION only
• prevents blood from going the wrong way

• carry blood AWAY from the heart
• THICK walls (extra muscle)
• blood under high pressure
• largest called the AORTA
• most have HIGH amounts of OXYGEN except pulmonary artery (low O2 – goes to lungs)
• ARTERIOLES: small arteries

• smallest blood vessels
• where exchange of materials between blood and cells occurs
• one cell thick

• carry blood BACK to the heart
• THIN walls (less muscle)
• blood under LOW pressure
• contain VALVES to keep blood moving in one direction

• -many types, called LEUKOCYTES
• -function: protect the body from invading microorganisms and toxins
• -cells have a nucleus

• -contain hemoglobin: an iron-containing protein which helps blood carry OXYGEN and CARBON DIOXIDE
• -with oxygen the blood is bright red
• -with carbon dioxide blood is dark red
• -cells do NOT have a nucleus

• Topics

1. Objectives
2. Introduction
3. Man as Hunter/Gatherer
4. Evidence for Domestication
5. The First Farmers of Western Asia
6. The Development of Farming and Herding in India
7. The Consequences of Agriculture and Herding
8. Social Structure of Hunting and Farming Societies
9. Development of Social Complexity
10. Conclusion
    

OBJECTIVES

The emergence of new social activities with new modes of production
played a crucial role in this process. Agriculture as a mode of production marks an
important phase in the evolution of human society. In this unit we shall try to learn about
the importance of agriculture. After studying this unit you will be able to know:the process of transition of mankind from food-gathering to settled agriculture through domestication of animals and cultivation of plants,the nature of the climatic and ecological factors which contributed to this development,the nature of archaeological and historical evidence which establishes the pattern of this evolution.the social consequences of settled agriculture, such as settled community life or sedentism, attachment to land, cooperative activities and growth of complex social forms etc., and how the origin of settled agriculture led to the sophistication of technology and
growth of a new political organisation.


INTRODUCTION

Human beings slowly evolved their economy from the stage of food-gathering to
cultivation of plants about 10,000 years ago. This development was achieved first in
Western Asia, in Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Syria and Palestine. In the Indian subcontinent, rice
cultivation originated in Belan Valley in the Vindhya Plateau and wheat-barely
cultivation in the North-Western region of Afghanistan and Pakistan. The wheat-barley
cultivation preceded the rice cultivation. The evidence for wheat-barley cultivation goes
as far back as 6500-5000 B.C., whereas the rice cultivation in the Ganga Valley started
around 2000 B.C.


MAN AS HUNTER/GATHERER

Mankind, as we discussed earlier, has been on earth for about 1.75 million years. For
more than 99% of this period, human beings have been hunters and gatherers. It was
only about 10,000 years ago that they began to change over to farming and keeping
animals.As hunters and gatherers, human beings lived off the resources of their environment.
They collected roots, fruits and seeds for food and killed or caught animals, birds and
fish with the aid of stone tools, fibre nets, bone harpoons or traps.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR DOMESTICATION

When it is said that human beings 'domesticated' plants and animals for their economic
and social needs, it means that they chose certain plant and animal species to produce
their food and controlled the growth and reproduction of these species. They sowed the
seeds of wild grass in prepared fields and grew plants and crops. They chose the breeds
of plants which they thought would grow best in their particular region. Similarly, they
captured the young of certain wild animals, kept them in captivity, and controlled their
mating. Here too, the human beings selected those species of animals which they thought
would be easier to tame or those which would give good milk and food. When breeding
of plants and animals is taken up deliberately, the species themselves undergo a
physiological change. After generations of breeding, the 'domesticated' plant or animal is
very different from its wild ancestor.



THE FIRST FARMERS OF WESTERN ASIA




Western Asia was one of the first regions in the world where domestication began. On
the , we can locate the modern countries in which the earliest farming villages
lie: Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Syria and Palestine. We can see the Zagros mountains and trace
their sweep from west to east and then south-east. We can also locate the north-south hill
ranges of Lebanon. From the altitude key given in the map, one cam see that east of
Lebanon and south and west of the Zagros, lies the low country.


THE DEVELOPMENT OF FARMING AND HERDING IN INDIA

Our subcontinent contains a great diversity of climates, soils and farming
patterns. Therefore, it is not surprising that the earliest domestication, established in
different regions and in different periods, was based on different species. The villages
were different in their development in various regions

THE CONSEQUENCES OF AGRICULTURE AND HERDING

The shift from hunter and gatherer stage of human evolution to agriculture and farming
brought about certain changes in the social organisation of human beings. Here, we shall
discuss some of these changes.



i) Animals and Crops

We do not know when exactly specialised animal herding developed in some parts of the
world. It seems that in large tracts of land which could not support agriculture, or in areas
where the dry season was severe and fodder was not available for a large number of
animals, people gave up interest in agriculture and became full time animal herders. They
used to take their animals to pastures in different areas. Until today many communities in
western Asia and western India move around with their flocks of sheep and goat. But in
other parts of our subcontinent and in Europe, village communities have both tended
fields and kept animals.Even in areas where animal herding became specialised, cattle gradually became important for farmers. This was because as strong beasts, the cattle were capable of
drawing heavy ploughs to till the earth, aerate the clods, and draw nutrients into the root
zone of the crop from deeper levels. This kind of ploughing make for greater productivity
of the soil than the earlier manual digging of individual holes with hoes.


ii) Sedentism

Whatever the importance of animals, if a group depends on agriculture it tends to be
sedentary rather than mobile, unlike hunters and nomadic herdsmen. You must have
noticed that all the crops we have earlier described are annual grasses. They have to be
sown at one time of the year and are ready for harvest only three or four months later.
While they are growing they have to be protected, watered and weeded, Transplantation
and weeding in rice fields is especially laborious. When land becomes the object of
human being's labour in this way, they become attached to it. When there is only one
wheat or rice harvest every year, people have to store grain for eating during the rest of
the year and also to use as seeds in the next sowing. This also discourages nomadism.
Many prehistoric farming villages were equipped with immovable equipment like storage
bins and grinding stones. Many of these sites were occupied continuously for several
generations. And a site like Jericho, with its stone defences, must have been a permanent
site indeed!



iii) Attachment to Land

When people spend a lot of time as well as their skill and labour on certain plots of land,
they are determined not to easily give up this investment. There emerges not only
physical but also emotional attachment to land. That is why they are even ready to fight
for retaining it.


iv) Ecology

We have also seen that human beings began to introduce certain plants and animals into
areas where they were not originally found. Thus, they became conscious agents in the
transformation of the ecological balance of earth.


SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF HUNTING AND FARMING SOCIETIES

Ancient farmers did not necessarily eat better than hunters and gatherers. Neither can we
say that farming was the more reliable subsistence, because early farmers would always
have to contend with crop diseases, soil depletion, floods or droughts. Nevertheless,
agriculture brought about social changes which are more complex.


DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL COMPLEXITY

Once agricultural tribes were established certain further changes started taking place. The
first villages were often established in zones where subsoil water made 'wet patch'
cultivation easy. Jericho depended on the water brought to its vicinity by underground
spring. Other villages may have depended on neighbourhood streams. In such situations
fields located close to the source of water would be better than fields further away. As
population increased or reliance on agriculture grew, some tribesmen would have no
choice but to till marginal, less fertile lands. Those members who had the best lands
would be able to produce the biggest harvests and give feasts to others, thereby, acquiring
high status and putting others under their obligation. In the mind of primitive man,
wealth was due to the favour of the ancestor or gods.

CONCLUSION

The transition from food-gathering and hunting to settled agriculture started with
domestication of plants and animals. The first farmers who undertook this innovation
were from western Asia, where the ecology and climate were conductive to cultivation of
wheat and barley on the mountain slopes and river valleys. Sheep and goat were
domesticated. The archaeological sights of farming villages in Turkey, Iraq, Palestine,
Iran, Pakistan and India illustrate this process. In India the cultivation of plants took a
varied form because of the differences of ecology and climate. The growth of agriculture
contributed to settled or sedentary life-style, attachment of man to land and property,
replacement of the ad hoc type of cooperation existent among the hunting societies by a
more sustained form of cooperation. New kinship solidarity emerged among settled
agriculturists and political institutions such as chiefdom and kinship came into existence.
The interaction between man and his environment thus brought about changes in both.
There is evidence that domesticated plants and animals undergo changes as also changes
occur in man's habitat, social relationships and thinking. These changes brought about a
complex social organisation, and in course of time it led to the growth of civilisation.

INTRODUCTION:-
Badminton is a sport which is played with the racquet between two opposite players or two opposite pairs. These two opposite players and pairs take the position on opposite sides of the rectangular and it is divided by a net. All players are score the points by just striking the shuttlecock with their racquet so that it passes over the net and land in their opponents half of the court. The name of shuttlecock is the shortened to shuttle. Some people play badminton outdoors on a level grassy area or beach. However, tournament-level badminton is played indoors on a specially marked court.
Badminton is an Olympic sport and it is divided into five disciplines: men's and women's singles, men's and women's doubles and mixed doubles, in which each pair is man's and woman's. The first badminton club in the world, Bath Badminton club 1877, which transcribed the rules of badminton for the first time. In 1893, the badminton of England association is established the proper set of rules of badminton.

History and development:
According to Jean-Yves Guillain, the author of Badminton, an Illustrated History, the first traces of a game involving the use of a shuttlecock can be found in Asia, and specifically in China. It supposedly has its origins in T’su-chü, a Football game created 2,500 years BCE at the time of the legendary Huang-Di in order to improve the skills of soldiers fighting Chi-You, the leader of the Miao people. In Japan, the related game Hanetsuki was played as early as the 16th century. In the west, badminton came from a game called battledore and shuttlecock, in which two or more players keep a feathered shuttlecock in the air with small racquets.
The modern form of Badminton however can be traced to India, where British military officers stationed there in the late 19th century became interested in a similar local game which was known to them as Poona (derived from Pune, an Indian garrison town).This game was taken back to England where the rules of badminton were set out. Another early version of the game was recorded in the 1850s in the southern Indian city of Tanjore, called pooppanthu vilayattam (Tamil for flower-ball game) in which balls made of wool and cardboard were used in the place of the modern-day shuttlecock.
Isaac Spratt, a London toy dealer, published a booklet, Badminton Battledore - a new game in 1860, but unfortunately no copy has survived.
The new sport was definitively launched in 1873 at the Badminton House, Gloucestershire, owned by the Duke of Beaufort. During that time, the game was referred to as "The Game of Badminton," and the game's official name became Badminton.
Until 1887, the sport was played in England under the rules that prevailed in India. The Bath Badminton Club standardized the rules and made the game applicable to English ideas. The basic regulations were drawn up in 1887.[6] In 1893, the Badminton Association of England published the first set of rules according to these regulations, similar to today's rules, and officially launched badminton in a house called "Dunbar" at 6 Waverley Grove, Portsmouth, England on September 13 of that year. They also started the All England Open Badminton Championships, the first badminton competition in the world, in 1899.
The International Badminton Federation (IBF) (now known as Badminton World Federation) was established in 1934 with Canada, Denmark, England, France, the Netherlands, Ireland, New Zealand, Scotland, and Wales as its founding members. India joined as an affiliate in 1936. The BWF now governs international badminton and develops the sport globally.
While set-out in England, competitive badminton in Europe has traditionally been dominated by Denmark. Indonesia, South Korea and Malaysia are among the nations that have consistently produced world-class players in the past few decades and dominated competitions on the international level, with China being the most dominant in recent years


MEASUREMENT OF COURT & THEIR TECHNICS:



The court is rectangular and divided into halves by a net. Courts are usually marked for both singles and doubles play, although the laws permit a court to be marked for singles only. The doubles court is wider than the singles court, but both are the same length. The exception, which often causes confusion to newer players, is that the doubles court has a shorter serve-length dimension.
In this game the court is fixed in two by the net. If you want to score the points, then you just hit the ball over the net to the opponent's side and the shuttle cannot be out of the markings on the ground. But the most common goals are happen in that case when the shuttlecock hits the athlete, the shuttlecock is hits the twice, the player the net or his or her racket does and the shuttlecock hits the ground before it goes over the net.
The Badminton Court shall be a rectangle laid out with lines of 40mm wide, preferably in white or yellow color. Court is normally made out of wood or composite flooring surface. The idea is for it to be smooth and leveled. A minimum of 6.5 feet of clear space on all four sides is required. The full width of the court is 6.1 metres (20 ft), and in singles this width is reduced to 5.18 metres (17 ft). The full length of the court is 13.4 metres (44 ft). The service courts are marked by a centre line dividing the width of the court, by a short service line at a distance of 1.98 metres (6.5 ft) from the net, and by the outer side and back boundaries. In doubles, the service court is also marked by a long service line, which is 0.78 metres (2 ft 6 inch) from the back boundary.
The net is 1.55 metres (5 ft 1 inch) high at the edges and 1.524 metres (5 ft) high in the centre. The net posts are placed over the doubles side lines, even when singles is played.
. The net shall be made of fine cord of dark color and even thickness with a mesh of not less than 15mm and not more than 20mm. The net shall be 760mm in depth and at least 6.1m wide.
The top of the net shall be edged with a 75mm white cloth. The top of the net from the surface of the court shall be 1.524m (5ft) at the centre of the court and 1.55m (5ft 1in) over the side lines for doubles. There shall be no gaps between the ends of the net and the posts. If necessary, the full depth of the net should be tied at the ends.
There is no mention in the Laws of badminton, of a minimum height for the ceiling above the court. Nonetheless, a badminton court will not be suitable if the ceiling is likely to be hit on a high serve.

Badminton Rules and Regulations:

A badminton match comprises the best of three games. A coin is tossed before the first game, and the winner of the toss may serve first or pick an end of the court. The object of a badminton game is to hit the badminton shuttlecock over the badminton net and onto the ground within bounds on your opponent's side of the court .Only the serving side can score. In Classic scoring format, the winning team needs 15 points in doubles and men's singles, or 11 in women's singles. A rally can also be lost by hitting the shuttle into the badminton net, out of bounds, before it crosses the net to your side, or if it strikes your clothing or body rather than your badminton racket. In the new Rally Point scoring format that just recently adopted and used for major tournaments, the winning team needs 21 points to win the match.

Rules :

Court & Equipment

Court Dimension: 44ft x 22ft (double) / 44ft x 17ft (single)
Net Height: 5ft 1in on the sides / 5ft on the center of court
Rally
A rally is won when a shuttle is hit over the net and onto the floor of the opponent's court.
A rally is lost if the shuttle is hit into the net, or over the net but outside of the opponent's court. A rally is also lost if the shuttle touches the player's clothing or body, or if it is hit before it crosses over the net.
Scoring
The modern badminton rules permit two different scoring formats: service and rally. In service play, a badminton game is won by scoring 15 points in doubles and men's singles, or 11 points in women's singles. In rally play, 21 points are needed to win a badminton game.
In service play, only the serving team may score a point. If the rally is lost, service passes to the opponent in singles play. In doubles play, except for the first service of a game, each player on a team is permitted to serve at least once before service is lost. In rally play, a point can be awarded to either team, and in most cases, a point is awarded along with resumption of service, except when a rally point is lost by the first member of a serving doubles team.
At the conclusion of each badminton game, players or teams must switch sides. If a third game is necessary during a match, sides are switched during that game when a player/team has reached eight points in doubles or men's singles, six points in women's singles, or 11 points in rally play.


Badminton Serving Rules:
As in tennis, badminton service is always done diagonally, e.g. from the right service court to the opponent's left service court. The first serve is always taken from the right court, and subsequent serves are taken from alternating sides.
Line shots in badminton service or rallies are considered in, though court bounds are different for singles and doubles play. The back line is the same for both, but singles badminton is played with the narrower of the two sidelines.
A serve that strikes the net and lands in the opponent's court is a let serve and is retaken. During service, players must stand in their respective service courts. The receiving player is not permitted to move his/her feet until the badminton shuttlecock has been struck. The highest part of the serving player's badminton racquet must remain below his/her hand and waistline during service. In other words, only underhanded serves are permitted.
And Finally...
Players change ends at the end of a game and when the leading score reaches 8 in a game of 15 points (or 6 in a game of 11 points) in the third game. A five minute interval is allowed prior to any third game.

Some general rules and terms:
1. At no time during the game should the player touch the net, with his racquet or his body.

2. The shuttlecock should not be carried on or come to rest on the racquet

3. A player should not reach over the net to hit the shuttlecock.

4. A serve must carry cross court (diagonally) to be valid.

5. During the serve, a player should not touch any of the lines of the court, until the server strikes the shuttlecock. During the serve the shuttlecock should always be hit from below the waist.

6. A point is added to a player's score as and when he wins a rally.

7. A player wins a rally when he strikes the shuttlecock and it touches the floor of the opponent's side of the court or when the opponent commits a fault. The most common type of fault is when a player fails to hit the shuttlecock over the net or it lands outside the boundary of the court.

8. Each side can strike the shuttlecock only once before it passes over the net. Once hit, a player can't strike the shuttlecock in a new movement or shot.

9. The shuttlecock hitting the ceiling, is counted as a fault.


Indian badminton player:

Saina Nehwal



Saina Nehwal is an Indian badminton player. Currently ranked number 8 in the world by Badminton World Federation,[2] Saina is the first Indian woman to reach the singles quarterfinals at the Olympics and the first Indian to win the World Junior Badminton Championships
Saina is the reigning Under-19 national champion. Also a regular in the senior circuit where she lost to former India number one Aparna Popat, Saina created history by the winning the prestigious Asian Satellite Badminton tournament (India Chapter) twice, becoming the first player to do so.
In 2006, Saina appeared on the global scene when she became the first Indian woman to win a 4-star tournament, the Philippines Open[8]. Entering the tournament as the 86th seed, Saina went on to stun several top seeded players including number seed Huaiwen Xu before defeating Julia Xian Pei Wong of Malaysia for the title. The same year also saw Saina as runner up at the 2006 BWF World Junior Championships, where she lost a hard fought match against top seed Chinese Wang Yihan. She did one better in the 2008 by becoming the first Indian to win the World Junior Badminton Championships by defeating ninth seeded Japanese Sayaka Sato 21-9, 21-18.
She became the first Indian woman to reach the quarter finals at the Olympic Games when she upset world number five and fourth seed Wang Chen of Hong Kong in a three-game thriller. In the quarter-finals Saina lost a nail biting 3-gamer to world number 16 Maria Kristin Yulianti. In September 2008, she won the Yonex Chinese Taipei Open 2008 beating Li Ya Lydia Cheah of Malaysia 21-8 21-19 [9]. Maria Yulianti had earlier lost her quarter-final match to Pia Bernadet, Saina's semi-final opponent, thus denying Saina a rematch.
On 21 June, 2009, she became the first Indian to win a BWF Super Series title, the most prominent badminton series of the world by winning the Indonesia Open. She beat Chinese Lin Wang in the final 12-21, 21-18, 21-9. Saina on winning the tournament said "I had been longing to win a super series tournament since my quarter final appearance at the Olympics". Saina is on the par with the likes of Prakash Padukone and her mentor Pullela Gopichand who both won the all England championships which are of similar status to the super series. In August 2009 she reached the quarterfinals of worldchampionship losing to the second seed Wang lin.
Saina has been named The Most Promising Player in 2008. She reached the world super series semifinals in the month of December 2008.

FOREIGN badminton PLAYER:

Peter Gade
Peter Gade Christensen"' is a professional badminton player from Terndrup, Denmark.
Gade has made his mark in badminton history through his All England Open Badminton Championships singles title in 1999 and his four European Championships crowns in the men's single event. The Dane topped the world rankings from 1998 to 2001. With his 16 Grand-Prix titles, he has become one of the most successful players of all time. Well into his 30s, Gade remains very active on the international circuit. On June 22, 2006, he briefly recaptured the number one spot in the world rankings. This was achieved after winning the Singapore Open and reaching the quarter-final at the Malaysia Open.
His playing style is known for fast attacks, smooth footwork, constant pressure, and deceptive shots. His deception is particularly creative for a world badminton player, and he uses a widely recognised and highly successful "trademark shot" (the so-called double action of the racket sends the shuttle to the back of the court, whilst aiming to bring the player towards the net, away from the shuttlecock's true destination). With a plethora of deceptive and confusing shots, he has been known to win points from more outrageous attempts, such as the reverse forehand (using the opposite side of the racket head to the one anticipated, to make contact with the shuttlecock at a radically different angle). His fast attacking and constant pressure are partially due to his relative height and jump before playing smash shots. At the club level he plays for Team Skælskør Slagelse.

Peter Gade has represented Denmark in Badminton Singles for the two previous summer Olympics (2000 and 2004). Gade reached the semifinals in 2000 Summer Olympics, where he lost to eventual gold medalist Ji Xinpeng of China. In the bronze medal match, he lost to another Chinese player, Xia Xuanze. At the 2004 Summer Olympics in men's singles, he defeated Chien Yu-Hsiu of Chinese Taipei and Nikhil Kanetkar of India in the first two rounds. However, in the quarterfinals, Gade was defeated by the eventual champion, Taufik Hidayat of Indonesia 15–12, 15–12.
Gade stated that one of his final career goals would be a gold medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. In an interview, he indicated that it might be one of his final big tournaments although not ruling out the possibility of continuing his career after the games.[4] He was planning to retire after the Beijing Olympics and begin coaching badminton. Gade won his first match in the 2008 Beijing Olympics in round two after defeating Nabil Lasmari 21-6, 21-4. In the third round Gade faced Shoji Sato. Gade was nearly beaten after losing the first set 21-19 and Shoji Sato having 2 matchpoints in the second with the score at 18-20. However Gade ultimately won the set 22-20. Gade thereafter won the third set 21-15. Gade lost in straight sets to Chinese champion Lin Dan in the quarter-final. Interestingly, Gade lost to the eventual winner in all three Olympic contests he entered. Furthermore, he was the closest to beating them in the eventual winners' tournament path in all 3 instances..

The word respiration describes two processes.
Internal or cellular respiration is the process by which glucose or other small molecules are oxidised to produce energy: this requires oxygen and generates carbon dioxide.
External respiration (breathing) involves simply the stage of taking oxygen from the air and returning carbon dioxide to it.

Following are the parts of Respiratory System:

1. NOSE
2. TRACHEA
3. BRONCHI
4. LUNGS

INTRODUCTION:
Your digestive system is uniquely constructed to perform its specialized function of turning food into the energy you need to survive and packaging the residue for waste disposal. To help you understand how the many parts of the digestive system work together, here is an overview of the structure and function of this complex system.

Cell : the cell is the basic unit of all life and is responsible for chemical synthesis, respiration, and other simple activites.

Tissue : When many cells of the same type are together, they form tissues.
Tissues work together to preform a small task, such as muscle tissue contracting. The main function of a tissue however, is that together, it makes up an organ.

Organs: an organ can serve a variety of essential functions an organism needs to survive, (eg. your heart, lungs, brain, kidney, liver, ect. are all organs)


Organ System: When many organs work together, it is known as an organ system
An example of an organ system would be the digestive system. The stomach, small and large intestines, kidneys, and kidney are all responsible for the breaking down of food.





---------------------CLICK ON IMAGE TO ENLARGE IT--------------------
Mouth:
The mouth is the beginning of the digestive tract; and, in fact, digestion starts here when taking the first bite of food. Chewing breaks the food into pieces that are more easily digested, while saliva mixes with food to begin the process of breaking it down into a form your body can absorb and use.

Salivary Glands:
The glands are found in and around your mouth and throat. We call the major salivary glands the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands.

They all secrete saliva into your mouth, the parotid through tubes that drain saliva, called salivary ducts, near your upper teeth, submandibular under your tongue, and the sublingual through many ducts in the floor of your mouth.

Esophagus
Located in your throat near your trachea (windpipe), the esophagus receives food from your mouth when you swallow. By means of a series of muscular contractions called peristalsis, the esophagus delivers food to your stomach.

Stomach
The stomach is a hollow organ, or "container," that holds food while it is being mixed with enzymes that continue the process of breaking down food into a usable form. Cells in the lining of the stomach secrete a strong acid and powerful enzymes that are responsible for the breakdown process. When the contents of the stomach are sufficiently processed, they are released into the small intestine.

Small intestine
Made up of three segments — the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum — the small intestine is a 22-foot long muscular tube that breaks down food using enzymes released by the pancreas and bile from the liver. Peristalsis also is at work in this organ, moving food through and mixing it with digestive secretions from the pancreas and liver. The duodenum is largely responsible for the continuous breaking-down process, with the jejunum and ileum mainly responsible for absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream.

Duodenum
The duodenum is a short portion of the small intestine connecting the rest of the intestine to the stomach. It is about ten inches (25 cm) long, while the entire small intestine measures about 20 feet (6.5 meters). It begins with the duodenal bulb, bordered by the pyloric sphincter that marks the lower end of the stomach, and is connected by the ligament of Treitz to the diaphragm before leading into the next portion of the small intestine, the jejunum.

Pancreas
The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum, the first segment of the small intestine. These enzymes break down protein, fats, and carbohydrates. The pancreas also makes insulin, secreting it directly into the bloodstream. Insulin is the chief hormone for metabolizing sugar.


Liver
The liver has multiple functions, but its main function within the digestive system is to process the nutrients absorbed from the small intestine. Bile from the liver secreted into the small intestine also plays an important role in digesting fat. In addition, the liver is the body’s chemical "factory." It takes the raw materials absorbed by the intestine and makes all the various chemicals the body needs to function. The liver also detoxifies potentially harmful chemicals. It breaks down and secretes many drugs.

Gallbladder
The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile, and then releases it into the duodenum to help absorb and digest fats.

Colon :(large intestine)
The colon is a 6-foot long muscular tube that connects the small intestine to the rectum. The large intestine is made up of the cecum, the ascending (right) colon, the transverse (across) colon, the descending (left) colon, and the sigmoid colon, which connects to the rectum. The appendix is a small tube attached to the cecum. The large intestine is a highly specialized organ that is responsible for processing waste so that emptying the bowels is easy and convenient.

Stool, or waste left over from the digestive process, is passed through the colon by means of peristalsis, first in a liquid state and ultimately in a solid form. As stool passes through the colon, water is removed. Stool is stored in the sigmoid (S-shaped) colon until a "mass movement" empties it into the rectum once or twice a day. It normally takes about 36 hours for stool to get through the colon. The stool itself is mostly food debris and bacteria. These bacteria perform several useful functions, such as synthesizing various vitamins, processing waste products and food particles, and protecting against harmful bacteria. When the descending colon becomes full of stool, or feces, it empties its contents into the rectum to begin the process of elimination.

Rectum
The rectum (Latin for "straight") is an 8-inch chamber that connects the colon to the anus. It is the rectum's job to receive stool from the colon, to let the person know that there is stool to be evacuated, and to hold the stool until evacuation happens. When anything (gas or stool) comes into the rectum, sensors send a message to the brain. The brain then decides if the rectal contents can be released or not. If they can, the sphincters relax and the rectum contracts, disposing its contents. If the contents cannot be disposed, the sphincter contracts and the rectum accommodates so that the sensation temporarily goes away.

Anus
The anus is the last part of the digestive tract. It is a 2-inch long canal consisting of the pelvic floor muscles and the two anal sphincters (internal and external). The lining of the upper anus is specialized to detect rectal contents. It lets you know whether the contents are liquid, gas, or solid. The anus is surrounded by sphincter muscles that are important in allowing control of stool. The pelvic floor muscle creates an angle between the rectum and the anus that stops stool from coming out when it is not supposed to. The internal sphincter is always tight, except when stool enters the rectum. It keeps us continent when we are asleep or otherwise unaware of the presence of stool. When we get an urge to go to the bathroom, we rely on our external sphincter to hold the stool until reaching a toilet, where it then relaxes to release the contents.