SCHOOL COLLEGE PROJECTS-SEMINARS...

INTRODUCTION:-
Badminton is a sport which is played with the racquet between two opposite players or two opposite pairs. These two opposite players and pairs take the position on opposite sides of the rectangular and it is divided by a net. All players are score the points by just striking the shuttlecock with their racquet so that it passes over the net and land in their opponents half of the court. The name of shuttlecock is the shortened to shuttle. Some people play badminton outdoors on a level grassy area or beach. However, tournament-level badminton is played indoors on a specially marked court.
Badminton is an Olympic sport and it is divided into five disciplines: men's and women's singles, men's and women's doubles and mixed doubles, in which each pair is man's and woman's. The first badminton club in the world, Bath Badminton club 1877, which transcribed the rules of badminton for the first time. In 1893, the badminton of England association is established the proper set of rules of badminton.

History and development:
According to Jean-Yves Guillain, the author of Badminton, an Illustrated History, the first traces of a game involving the use of a shuttlecock can be found in Asia, and specifically in China. It supposedly has its origins in T’su-chü, a Football game created 2,500 years BCE at the time of the legendary Huang-Di in order to improve the skills of soldiers fighting Chi-You, the leader of the Miao people. In Japan, the related game Hanetsuki was played as early as the 16th century. In the west, badminton came from a game called battledore and shuttlecock, in which two or more players keep a feathered shuttlecock in the air with small racquets.
The modern form of Badminton however can be traced to India, where British military officers stationed there in the late 19th century became interested in a similar local game which was known to them as Poona (derived from Pune, an Indian garrison town).This game was taken back to England where the rules of badminton were set out. Another early version of the game was recorded in the 1850s in the southern Indian city of Tanjore, called pooppanthu vilayattam (Tamil for flower-ball game) in which balls made of wool and cardboard were used in the place of the modern-day shuttlecock.
Isaac Spratt, a London toy dealer, published a booklet, Badminton Battledore - a new game in 1860, but unfortunately no copy has survived.
The new sport was definitively launched in 1873 at the Badminton House, Gloucestershire, owned by the Duke of Beaufort. During that time, the game was referred to as "The Game of Badminton," and the game's official name became Badminton.
Until 1887, the sport was played in England under the rules that prevailed in India. The Bath Badminton Club standardized the rules and made the game applicable to English ideas. The basic regulations were drawn up in 1887.[6] In 1893, the Badminton Association of England published the first set of rules according to these regulations, similar to today's rules, and officially launched badminton in a house called "Dunbar" at 6 Waverley Grove, Portsmouth, England on September 13 of that year. They also started the All England Open Badminton Championships, the first badminton competition in the world, in 1899.
The International Badminton Federation (IBF) (now known as Badminton World Federation) was established in 1934 with Canada, Denmark, England, France, the Netherlands, Ireland, New Zealand, Scotland, and Wales as its founding members. India joined as an affiliate in 1936. The BWF now governs international badminton and develops the sport globally.
While set-out in England, competitive badminton in Europe has traditionally been dominated by Denmark. Indonesia, South Korea and Malaysia are among the nations that have consistently produced world-class players in the past few decades and dominated competitions on the international level, with China being the most dominant in recent years


MEASUREMENT OF COURT & THEIR TECHNICS:



The court is rectangular and divided into halves by a net. Courts are usually marked for both singles and doubles play, although the laws permit a court to be marked for singles only. The doubles court is wider than the singles court, but both are the same length. The exception, which often causes confusion to newer players, is that the doubles court has a shorter serve-length dimension.
In this game the court is fixed in two by the net. If you want to score the points, then you just hit the ball over the net to the opponent's side and the shuttle cannot be out of the markings on the ground. But the most common goals are happen in that case when the shuttlecock hits the athlete, the shuttlecock is hits the twice, the player the net or his or her racket does and the shuttlecock hits the ground before it goes over the net.
The Badminton Court shall be a rectangle laid out with lines of 40mm wide, preferably in white or yellow color. Court is normally made out of wood or composite flooring surface. The idea is for it to be smooth and leveled. A minimum of 6.5 feet of clear space on all four sides is required. The full width of the court is 6.1 metres (20 ft), and in singles this width is reduced to 5.18 metres (17 ft). The full length of the court is 13.4 metres (44 ft). The service courts are marked by a centre line dividing the width of the court, by a short service line at a distance of 1.98 metres (6.5 ft) from the net, and by the outer side and back boundaries. In doubles, the service court is also marked by a long service line, which is 0.78 metres (2 ft 6 inch) from the back boundary.
The net is 1.55 metres (5 ft 1 inch) high at the edges and 1.524 metres (5 ft) high in the centre. The net posts are placed over the doubles side lines, even when singles is played.
. The net shall be made of fine cord of dark color and even thickness with a mesh of not less than 15mm and not more than 20mm. The net shall be 760mm in depth and at least 6.1m wide.
The top of the net shall be edged with a 75mm white cloth. The top of the net from the surface of the court shall be 1.524m (5ft) at the centre of the court and 1.55m (5ft 1in) over the side lines for doubles. There shall be no gaps between the ends of the net and the posts. If necessary, the full depth of the net should be tied at the ends.
There is no mention in the Laws of badminton, of a minimum height for the ceiling above the court. Nonetheless, a badminton court will not be suitable if the ceiling is likely to be hit on a high serve.

Badminton Rules and Regulations:

A badminton match comprises the best of three games. A coin is tossed before the first game, and the winner of the toss may serve first or pick an end of the court. The object of a badminton game is to hit the badminton shuttlecock over the badminton net and onto the ground within bounds on your opponent's side of the court .Only the serving side can score. In Classic scoring format, the winning team needs 15 points in doubles and men's singles, or 11 in women's singles. A rally can also be lost by hitting the shuttle into the badminton net, out of bounds, before it crosses the net to your side, or if it strikes your clothing or body rather than your badminton racket. In the new Rally Point scoring format that just recently adopted and used for major tournaments, the winning team needs 21 points to win the match.

Rules :

Court & Equipment

Court Dimension: 44ft x 22ft (double) / 44ft x 17ft (single)
Net Height: 5ft 1in on the sides / 5ft on the center of court
Rally
A rally is won when a shuttle is hit over the net and onto the floor of the opponent's court.
A rally is lost if the shuttle is hit into the net, or over the net but outside of the opponent's court. A rally is also lost if the shuttle touches the player's clothing or body, or if it is hit before it crosses over the net.
Scoring
The modern badminton rules permit two different scoring formats: service and rally. In service play, a badminton game is won by scoring 15 points in doubles and men's singles, or 11 points in women's singles. In rally play, 21 points are needed to win a badminton game.
In service play, only the serving team may score a point. If the rally is lost, service passes to the opponent in singles play. In doubles play, except for the first service of a game, each player on a team is permitted to serve at least once before service is lost. In rally play, a point can be awarded to either team, and in most cases, a point is awarded along with resumption of service, except when a rally point is lost by the first member of a serving doubles team.
At the conclusion of each badminton game, players or teams must switch sides. If a third game is necessary during a match, sides are switched during that game when a player/team has reached eight points in doubles or men's singles, six points in women's singles, or 11 points in rally play.


Badminton Serving Rules:
As in tennis, badminton service is always done diagonally, e.g. from the right service court to the opponent's left service court. The first serve is always taken from the right court, and subsequent serves are taken from alternating sides.
Line shots in badminton service or rallies are considered in, though court bounds are different for singles and doubles play. The back line is the same for both, but singles badminton is played with the narrower of the two sidelines.
A serve that strikes the net and lands in the opponent's court is a let serve and is retaken. During service, players must stand in their respective service courts. The receiving player is not permitted to move his/her feet until the badminton shuttlecock has been struck. The highest part of the serving player's badminton racquet must remain below his/her hand and waistline during service. In other words, only underhanded serves are permitted.
And Finally...
Players change ends at the end of a game and when the leading score reaches 8 in a game of 15 points (or 6 in a game of 11 points) in the third game. A five minute interval is allowed prior to any third game.

Some general rules and terms:
1. At no time during the game should the player touch the net, with his racquet or his body.

2. The shuttlecock should not be carried on or come to rest on the racquet

3. A player should not reach over the net to hit the shuttlecock.

4. A serve must carry cross court (diagonally) to be valid.

5. During the serve, a player should not touch any of the lines of the court, until the server strikes the shuttlecock. During the serve the shuttlecock should always be hit from below the waist.

6. A point is added to a player's score as and when he wins a rally.

7. A player wins a rally when he strikes the shuttlecock and it touches the floor of the opponent's side of the court or when the opponent commits a fault. The most common type of fault is when a player fails to hit the shuttlecock over the net or it lands outside the boundary of the court.

8. Each side can strike the shuttlecock only once before it passes over the net. Once hit, a player can't strike the shuttlecock in a new movement or shot.

9. The shuttlecock hitting the ceiling, is counted as a fault.


Indian badminton player:

Saina Nehwal



Saina Nehwal is an Indian badminton player. Currently ranked number 8 in the world by Badminton World Federation,[2] Saina is the first Indian woman to reach the singles quarterfinals at the Olympics and the first Indian to win the World Junior Badminton Championships
Saina is the reigning Under-19 national champion. Also a regular in the senior circuit where she lost to former India number one Aparna Popat, Saina created history by the winning the prestigious Asian Satellite Badminton tournament (India Chapter) twice, becoming the first player to do so.
In 2006, Saina appeared on the global scene when she became the first Indian woman to win a 4-star tournament, the Philippines Open[8]. Entering the tournament as the 86th seed, Saina went on to stun several top seeded players including number seed Huaiwen Xu before defeating Julia Xian Pei Wong of Malaysia for the title. The same year also saw Saina as runner up at the 2006 BWF World Junior Championships, where she lost a hard fought match against top seed Chinese Wang Yihan. She did one better in the 2008 by becoming the first Indian to win the World Junior Badminton Championships by defeating ninth seeded Japanese Sayaka Sato 21-9, 21-18.
She became the first Indian woman to reach the quarter finals at the Olympic Games when she upset world number five and fourth seed Wang Chen of Hong Kong in a three-game thriller. In the quarter-finals Saina lost a nail biting 3-gamer to world number 16 Maria Kristin Yulianti. In September 2008, she won the Yonex Chinese Taipei Open 2008 beating Li Ya Lydia Cheah of Malaysia 21-8 21-19 [9]. Maria Yulianti had earlier lost her quarter-final match to Pia Bernadet, Saina's semi-final opponent, thus denying Saina a rematch.
On 21 June, 2009, she became the first Indian to win a BWF Super Series title, the most prominent badminton series of the world by winning the Indonesia Open. She beat Chinese Lin Wang in the final 12-21, 21-18, 21-9. Saina on winning the tournament said "I had been longing to win a super series tournament since my quarter final appearance at the Olympics". Saina is on the par with the likes of Prakash Padukone and her mentor Pullela Gopichand who both won the all England championships which are of similar status to the super series. In August 2009 she reached the quarterfinals of worldchampionship losing to the second seed Wang lin.
Saina has been named The Most Promising Player in 2008. She reached the world super series semifinals in the month of December 2008.

FOREIGN badminton PLAYER:

Peter Gade
Peter Gade Christensen"' is a professional badminton player from Terndrup, Denmark.
Gade has made his mark in badminton history through his All England Open Badminton Championships singles title in 1999 and his four European Championships crowns in the men's single event. The Dane topped the world rankings from 1998 to 2001. With his 16 Grand-Prix titles, he has become one of the most successful players of all time. Well into his 30s, Gade remains very active on the international circuit. On June 22, 2006, he briefly recaptured the number one spot in the world rankings. This was achieved after winning the Singapore Open and reaching the quarter-final at the Malaysia Open.
His playing style is known for fast attacks, smooth footwork, constant pressure, and deceptive shots. His deception is particularly creative for a world badminton player, and he uses a widely recognised and highly successful "trademark shot" (the so-called double action of the racket sends the shuttle to the back of the court, whilst aiming to bring the player towards the net, away from the shuttlecock's true destination). With a plethora of deceptive and confusing shots, he has been known to win points from more outrageous attempts, such as the reverse forehand (using the opposite side of the racket head to the one anticipated, to make contact with the shuttlecock at a radically different angle). His fast attacking and constant pressure are partially due to his relative height and jump before playing smash shots. At the club level he plays for Team Skælskør Slagelse.

Peter Gade has represented Denmark in Badminton Singles for the two previous summer Olympics (2000 and 2004). Gade reached the semifinals in 2000 Summer Olympics, where he lost to eventual gold medalist Ji Xinpeng of China. In the bronze medal match, he lost to another Chinese player, Xia Xuanze. At the 2004 Summer Olympics in men's singles, he defeated Chien Yu-Hsiu of Chinese Taipei and Nikhil Kanetkar of India in the first two rounds. However, in the quarterfinals, Gade was defeated by the eventual champion, Taufik Hidayat of Indonesia 15–12, 15–12.
Gade stated that one of his final career goals would be a gold medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. In an interview, he indicated that it might be one of his final big tournaments although not ruling out the possibility of continuing his career after the games.[4] He was planning to retire after the Beijing Olympics and begin coaching badminton. Gade won his first match in the 2008 Beijing Olympics in round two after defeating Nabil Lasmari 21-6, 21-4. In the third round Gade faced Shoji Sato. Gade was nearly beaten after losing the first set 21-19 and Shoji Sato having 2 matchpoints in the second with the score at 18-20. However Gade ultimately won the set 22-20. Gade thereafter won the third set 21-15. Gade lost in straight sets to Chinese champion Lin Dan in the quarter-final. Interestingly, Gade lost to the eventual winner in all three Olympic contests he entered. Furthermore, he was the closest to beating them in the eventual winners' tournament path in all 3 instances..

The word respiration describes two processes.
Internal or cellular respiration is the process by which glucose or other small molecules are oxidised to produce energy: this requires oxygen and generates carbon dioxide.
External respiration (breathing) involves simply the stage of taking oxygen from the air and returning carbon dioxide to it.

Following are the parts of Respiratory System:

1. NOSE
2. TRACHEA
3. BRONCHI
4. LUNGS

NOSE:


1. The nose is the first and last organ that air passes through. The nose serves some very most important functions. As part of the conducting zone, it cleans the air of dust and other impurities, warms the air if it is too cool, and moistens the air if it is dry. Though not related to respiration, your nose also helps you to speak, and is the organ that gives you the power to smell.

2. After passing through the external nares (nostrils), it passes through the nasal cavities. Your nasal septum separates the two nasal cavities. Immediately after passing through the nostrils into the nasal cavities, the air begins to be purified, humidified and warmed. The skin of the vestibule, the part of the nasal cavities behind the nostrils, has sebaceous and sweat glands and hair follicles, which catch the dirt or other impurities that may be in the air. The hair growing out of the follicles are called vibrissae.

3. The olfactory mucosa is what detects scents that you inhale. The serous glands excrete enough lysozyme, an enzyme that destroys bacteria, to keep the air you breathe mostly pure. That is about a quart a day. It will kill the bacteria that is caught by the vibrissae.

4. In the pharynx, the cilia moves bacteria up away from the lungs so that you can swallow it into your stomach, where the bacteria can do little harm. Because of the shape of your organs, air swirls and twists as it moves down. This make sit virtually impossible for impurities to not make contact with the mucous lining your organs. This will catch most particles larger than 4µm.

TRACHEA:



1. The trachea, or windpipe connects the larynx to the bronchi. This organ differs from others in the neck in that it is flexible, stretching to be between four and five inches long, and about one inch in diameter. The trachea is lined with mucous called the mucociliary escalator, which represents the mucous and cilia and carry the foreign substances up to be swallowed.

2. The trachea is made up of between 16 and 20 cartilage rings in the shape of a "C". Because the trachea is so flexible and twistable, without these cartilage rings, it would collapse under the partial vacuum formed when inhaling. The open part of the "C" shape is covered with the Trachealis muscle, which can stretch itself to prevent tracheal tearing when swallowing large things. When you cough, the muscle also contracts to force air out at a faster speed to dislodge food or other foreign objects stuck.

BRONCHI:



1. The trachea branches off into two main bronchi, your left and right primary bronchi, which lead to the left and right lung respectively. Your right lung is slightly wider, shorter, and taller that the left, which makes it more vulnerable to foreign invasion. At this point in breathing, the air has been moistened, purified and warmed.

2. Each bronchi enters its lung and begins on a series of branches, called the bronchial or respiratory tree. The first of these branches is the lobar (secondary) branch. On the left, there are two lobar branches, while on the right, there are three. Each lobar branches into one lobe. The next branch is called the segmental (tertiary) branch. Each branch continues to branch into smaller and smaller bronchioles. The final branch is called the terminal bronchioles. These bronchioles are smaller than 0.5 mm in diameter.

3. The first few levels of bronchi are supported by rings of cartilage. Branches after that are supported by irregularly shaped discs of cartilage, while the latest levels of the tree have no support whatsoever.


LUNGS:




1. The lungs are a vital organ in our body, located in our chests. These pairs of cone-shaped breathing organs bring oxygen into our body and releases carbon dioxide. It is very important to make sure that they are functioning accurately because our life depends on it.

2. Each lung is made up of lobes. The left lung has 2 lobes and the right lung has 3. A hin membrane called pleura surrounds the lungs. Lungs are protected by rib-cage. Beneath the lungs is a dome-shaped muscle called diaphragm, that works with lungs allowing us to inhale (breath the air in) and to ex-hale (breath the air out).

3. From outside lungs look pink and they are sponge like in structure. At the bottom of wind-pipe (trachea) are the 2 tubes (main stem bronchi) that head into the respective lobes. Each main stem bronchi is then gets branched into smaller and smaller tubes (bronchi). So they from a tree like structure. The tiniest branch is called bronchioles. It has a thickness of a human hair. There are bout 30,000 bronchioles in each lung.

4. At the end of each bronchiole is a lump of tiny little air sac called Alveoli. Each alveolus (singular of Alveoli) has a mesh of tiny blood vessels called capillaries. These capillaries are so tiny that blood cell have to line up to march through them.

5. When we breath in air though mouth or nose the air gets pushed down windpipe (trachea) and then travels into the series of branches (bronchi and bronchioles) in the lungs and finally reaches alveoli. All the cells in the body need oxygen all the time. Alveoli allow oxygen from air to pass into blood. The oxygen gets attached to red blood cells and then travels unto heart via blood vessels. The heart then sends the pure blood ( with oxygen) out to all other cells in the body.


FUNCTIONS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:

The main role of the Respiratory System is the inhalation of fresh oxygen (O2) needed by the body's cells and the exhalation of waste carbon dioxide (CO2). It also helps maintain body temperature and eliminate excess water from the body. The Respiratory system is dependent on the proper functioning of the circulatory system as the O2 and waste CO2 are carried in the blood stream.


The flow of air from the nose to the lungs

1. The nose is a PASSAGEWAY FOR AIR and is also a sensory organ. It warms and moistens air, and hair like processes (cilia) filter the air before it reaches the lungs.

2. The pharynx or "throat" is a funnel shaped tube acting as a passage way for air and food. The lowest portion of the pharynx joins the esophagus (food tube).

3. The larynx or "voice box" is lined with mucous membrane, two folds of membrane divide the larynx in two, between these is the GLOTTIS which is the narrowest part of the air passage. The glottis is protected by a lid of fibro cartilage (the EPIGLOTTIS), this closes over the glottis when you swallow.

4. The trachea or "windpipe" is a tube composed of cartilage and lined with mucus membrane lying in front of the esophagus. The trachea diverges into the right and left bronchi.

5. The bronchi are "C" shaped rings of cartilage lined with ciliated mucus membrane that 'sweeps' out dust particles. The bronchi branch into SECONDARY BRONCHI as they enter the lungs, these further divide into BRONCHIOLES. As the secondary bronchi and bronchioles divide the walls become thinner and more elastic, branching into minute ALVEOLI which transfer gases in the lungs.

6. The lungs are the main organ of respiration. In the lungs millions of ALVEOLI and blood Capillaries exchange Oxygen and carbon dioxide. Each lung is housed in a separate PLEURAL CAVITY (which in turn are located in the larger THORACIC CAVITY). PLEURA are SACS of membrane that line the pleural cavity to lessen friction caused by breathing.

7. The diaphragm is the main muscle of respiration located at the base of the thoracic cavity. The muscle contracts and flattens so that the thorax and lungs have room for incoming air causing you to INHALE, it then relaxes causing you to EXHALE.

INTRODUCTION:
Your digestive system is uniquely constructed to perform its specialized function of turning food into the energy you need to survive and packaging the residue for waste disposal. To help you understand how the many parts of the digestive system work together, here is an overview of the structure and function of this complex system.

Cell : the cell is the basic unit of all life and is responsible for chemical synthesis, respiration, and other simple activites.

Tissue : When many cells of the same type are together, they form tissues.
Tissues work together to preform a small task, such as muscle tissue contracting. The main function of a tissue however, is that together, it makes up an organ.

Organs: an organ can serve a variety of essential functions an organism needs to survive, (eg. your heart, lungs, brain, kidney, liver, ect. are all organs)


Organ System: When many organs work together, it is known as an organ system
An example of an organ system would be the digestive system. The stomach, small and large intestines, kidneys, and kidney are all responsible for the breaking down of food.





---------------------CLICK ON IMAGE TO ENLARGE IT--------------------
Mouth:
The mouth is the beginning of the digestive tract; and, in fact, digestion starts here when taking the first bite of food. Chewing breaks the food into pieces that are more easily digested, while saliva mixes with food to begin the process of breaking it down into a form your body can absorb and use.

Salivary Glands:
The glands are found in and around your mouth and throat. We call the major salivary glands the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands.

They all secrete saliva into your mouth, the parotid through tubes that drain saliva, called salivary ducts, near your upper teeth, submandibular under your tongue, and the sublingual through many ducts in the floor of your mouth.

Esophagus
Located in your throat near your trachea (windpipe), the esophagus receives food from your mouth when you swallow. By means of a series of muscular contractions called peristalsis, the esophagus delivers food to your stomach.

Stomach
The stomach is a hollow organ, or "container," that holds food while it is being mixed with enzymes that continue the process of breaking down food into a usable form. Cells in the lining of the stomach secrete a strong acid and powerful enzymes that are responsible for the breakdown process. When the contents of the stomach are sufficiently processed, they are released into the small intestine.

Small intestine
Made up of three segments — the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum — the small intestine is a 22-foot long muscular tube that breaks down food using enzymes released by the pancreas and bile from the liver. Peristalsis also is at work in this organ, moving food through and mixing it with digestive secretions from the pancreas and liver. The duodenum is largely responsible for the continuous breaking-down process, with the jejunum and ileum mainly responsible for absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream.

Duodenum
The duodenum is a short portion of the small intestine connecting the rest of the intestine to the stomach. It is about ten inches (25 cm) long, while the entire small intestine measures about 20 feet (6.5 meters). It begins with the duodenal bulb, bordered by the pyloric sphincter that marks the lower end of the stomach, and is connected by the ligament of Treitz to the diaphragm before leading into the next portion of the small intestine, the jejunum.

Pancreas
The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum, the first segment of the small intestine. These enzymes break down protein, fats, and carbohydrates. The pancreas also makes insulin, secreting it directly into the bloodstream. Insulin is the chief hormone for metabolizing sugar.


Liver
The liver has multiple functions, but its main function within the digestive system is to process the nutrients absorbed from the small intestine. Bile from the liver secreted into the small intestine also plays an important role in digesting fat. In addition, the liver is the body’s chemical "factory." It takes the raw materials absorbed by the intestine and makes all the various chemicals the body needs to function. The liver also detoxifies potentially harmful chemicals. It breaks down and secretes many drugs.

Gallbladder
The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile, and then releases it into the duodenum to help absorb and digest fats.

Colon :(large intestine)
The colon is a 6-foot long muscular tube that connects the small intestine to the rectum. The large intestine is made up of the cecum, the ascending (right) colon, the transverse (across) colon, the descending (left) colon, and the sigmoid colon, which connects to the rectum. The appendix is a small tube attached to the cecum. The large intestine is a highly specialized organ that is responsible for processing waste so that emptying the bowels is easy and convenient.

Stool, or waste left over from the digestive process, is passed through the colon by means of peristalsis, first in a liquid state and ultimately in a solid form. As stool passes through the colon, water is removed. Stool is stored in the sigmoid (S-shaped) colon until a "mass movement" empties it into the rectum once or twice a day. It normally takes about 36 hours for stool to get through the colon. The stool itself is mostly food debris and bacteria. These bacteria perform several useful functions, such as synthesizing various vitamins, processing waste products and food particles, and protecting against harmful bacteria. When the descending colon becomes full of stool, or feces, it empties its contents into the rectum to begin the process of elimination.

Rectum
The rectum (Latin for "straight") is an 8-inch chamber that connects the colon to the anus. It is the rectum's job to receive stool from the colon, to let the person know that there is stool to be evacuated, and to hold the stool until evacuation happens. When anything (gas or stool) comes into the rectum, sensors send a message to the brain. The brain then decides if the rectal contents can be released or not. If they can, the sphincters relax and the rectum contracts, disposing its contents. If the contents cannot be disposed, the sphincter contracts and the rectum accommodates so that the sensation temporarily goes away.

Anus
The anus is the last part of the digestive tract. It is a 2-inch long canal consisting of the pelvic floor muscles and the two anal sphincters (internal and external). The lining of the upper anus is specialized to detect rectal contents. It lets you know whether the contents are liquid, gas, or solid. The anus is surrounded by sphincter muscles that are important in allowing control of stool. The pelvic floor muscle creates an angle between the rectum and the anus that stops stool from coming out when it is not supposed to. The internal sphincter is always tight, except when stool enters the rectum. It keeps us continent when we are asleep or otherwise unaware of the presence of stool. When we get an urge to go to the bathroom, we rely on our external sphincter to hold the stool until reaching a toilet, where it then relaxes to release the contents.